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61. PART II : Substantive aspects, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a monograph

PART II : Substantive aspects /

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: International law, the International Court of Justice and nuclear weapons / Boisson de Chazournes, L.; Sands, P. (eds.), p. 131-448. - Cambridge : Cambridge U. P., 1999.

ISBN 0-521-65480-7

LANGUAGE: ENG, FRE

ABSTRACT: The chapters are:. 9. Lotus and the double structure of international legal argument, by Ole Spiermann. 10. Non liquet and the incompleteness of international law, by Daniel Bodansky. 11. Treaty and custom, by Roger S. Clark. 12. Nuclear weapons and jus cogens : peremptory norms and justice pre-empted?, by Jacob Werksman and Ruth Khalastchi. 13. The question of the law of neutrality = La question du sroit de la neutralité, by Christian Dominice. 14. The status of nuclear weapons in the light of the Court's opinion of 8 July 1996 = Le statut des armes nucleaires a la lumiere de l'Avis de la CIJ du 8 juillet 1996, by Eric David. 15. International humanitarian law or the exploration by the Court of a terra somewhat incognita to it = Le droit international humanitaire ou de l'exploration par la Cour d'une terra a peu pres incognita pour elle, by Luigi Condorelli. 16. Jus ad mbellum and jus in bello in the nuclear weapons advisory opinion, by Christopher Greenwood. 17. On the relationship between jus ad bellum and jus ib bello in the General Assembly advisory opinion, by Rein Müllerson. 18. Necessity and proportionality in jus ad bellum and jus in bello, by Judith Gardam. 19. The notion of 'state survival' in international law, by Marcelo G. Kohen. 20. The right to life and genocide : the court and an international public policy, by Vera Gowlland-Debbas. 21. opening the door to the environment and to the future generations, by Edith Brown Weiss. 22. The use of nuclear weapons and the protection of the environment : the contribution of the International Court of Justice, by Djamchid Momtaz. 23. The non-proliferation treaty and its future, by Miguel Marin Bosch. 24. The nuclear weapons advisory opinions : the declarations and separate and dissenting opinions, by Hugh Thirlway. 25. The perspective of Japanese international lawyers, by Yasuhiro Shigeta.

INDEX WORDS:
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* rådgivande yttrande = advisory opinion = neuvoa-antava mielipide
* rätt till liv = right to life = oikeus elämään
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* Generalförsamlingen = General Assembly = Yleiskokous
* miljöskydd = environmental protection = ympäristönsuojelu
* självförsvar = self-defence = itsepuolustus
* kommittén för de mänskliga rättigheterna (FN) = Human Rights Committee (UN) = ihmisoikeuskomitea (YK)
* brott mot mänskligheten = crimes against humanity = rikos ihmisyyttä vastaan
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* humanitär rätt = humanitarian law = humanitaarinen oikeus
* specialrapportör = special rapporteur = erityisraportoija
* OAS = OAS = OAS

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; Vienna convention on the law of treaties; World heritage convention USED FOR UNESCO convention for the protection of the world cultural and natural heritage; Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; ICCPR-4-6; Draft declaration on rights and duties of states; Covenant of the League of Nations; ECHR; Draft declaration on rights and duties of states; Turku declaration of minimum humanitarian standards;

 
62. Barak, Eitan : Under cover of darkness, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Under cover of darkness : the Israeli Court and the use of human lives as "bargaining chips" / Barak, Eitan

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): The international journal of human rights : vol. 3; no. 3., p. 1-43. - London : Frank Cass, 1999. - ISSN 1364-2987

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: An Israeli Supreme Court ruling, expressly authorising the holding of ten Lebanese detainees as ‘bargaining chips’ for the release of Israeli POWs and MIAs, raised a wave of criticism around the world. Despite the cloak of secrecy imposed by the security authorities, the author explores the whole affair of which the ruling is only the tip of the iceberg. The author argues that only the new approach which views Courts as a political institution, with all that entails, can explain how it is that a court, considered to be liberal, in a democratic country, finds itself approving the holding of human beings as hostages. The author’s conclusions are that the political context places limits upon the Court from which it cannot escape, but, ironically, the detainees and the security authorities are similarly trapped in their own political contexts. Moreover, the affair constitutes an illuminating example of the new approach and the Court has performed perfectly its designated political tasks in this unbelievable affair.

INDEX WORDS:
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* fångar = prisoners = vangit

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Lebanon

NOTE (GENERAL): Geneva conventions (IV);

 
63. Sverige och judarnas tillgångar , 1998
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph series

Sverige och judarnas tillgångar : slutrapport och bilaga till slutrapport från kommissionen om judiska tillgångar i Sverige vid tiden för andra världskriget = Final report from the Commission on Jewish Assets in Sweden at the time of the second world war / ; Utrikesdepartementet. Kommissionen om judiska tillgångar i Sverige vid tiden för andra världskriget - (Statens offentliga utredningar [=SOU] ; 1999:20), 367 p. + 425 p.. - Stockholm : Fritze, 1998. - ISSN 0375-250X

ISBN 91-7610-908-9

LANGUAGE: SWE, ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* judar = Jews = juutalaiset
* äganderätt = right to property = omistusoikeus
* rasism = racism = rasismi
* antisemitism = anti-Semitism = antisemitismi
* flyktingar = refugees = pakolaiset
* skadestånd = compensation = vahingonkorvaus
* diskriminering = discrimination = syrjintä
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Sweden

LIBRARY LOCATION: ÅAB

 
64. Fleck, Dieter (ed.) : The handbook of humanitarian law in armed conflicts, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

The handbook of humanitarian law in armed conflicts / Fleck, Dieter (ed.), xxi, 589 p.. - Oxford : Oxford U. P., 1999.

ISBN 0-19-829867-6

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: ABSTRACT: The articles are:. 1. Historical development and legal basis, by Christopher Greenwood. 2. Scope of application of humanitarian law, by Christopher Greenwood. 3. Combatants and non-combatants, by Knut Ipsen. 4. methods and means of combat, by Stefan Oeter. 5. Protection of the civilian population, by Hans-Peter Gasser. 6. Protection of the wounded, sick and shipwrecked, by Walter Rabus. 7. Protection of prisoners of war, by Horst Fischer. 8. Religious personnel, by Walter Rabus. 9. Protection of cultural property, by Karl Josef Partsch. 10. The law of armed conflicts at sea, by Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg. 11. The law of neutrality, by Michael Bothe. 12. Enforcement of international humanitarian law, by Rüdiger Wolfrum.

INDEX WORDS:
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* deporterade personer = deported persons = karkotetut henkilöt
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* ockupation = occupation = miehitys
* fredsbevarande styrkor = peace-keeping forces = rauhanturvajoukot
* krigsfångar = prisoners of war = sotavangit
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* sjuka och sårade = sick and wounded = sairaat ja haavoittuneet

NOTE (GENERAL): St. Petersburg declaration; Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; Cultural property convention; Hague declaration; Hague conventions;

 
65. Benedek, Wolfgang (ed.) : Development and developing international and European law, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Development and developing international and European law : essays in honour of Konrad Ginther on the occasion of his 65th birthday / Benedek, Wolfgang (ed.) ; Kicker, Renate (ed.) ; Isak, Hubert (ed.), xiv, 799 p.. - Frannkfurt am Main : Peter Lang, 1999.

ISBN 3-631-34347-7

LANGUAGE: ENG, GER

ABSTRACT: INTERNATIONAL LAW : THEORY AND PRACTICE : 1. International Law and the International Hofmafia - Towards A Sociology of Diplomacy, by PHILIP ALLOTT . 2. European Responses to Questionable Reservations, by FRANZ CEDE. 3. Did the FR Yugoslavia make the OSCE an International Organization? by GERHARD HANDL. 4. The Pinochet Case, Foreign State Immunity and the Changing Constitu- tion of the International Community, by GUNTHER HANDL. 5. Einseitige Rechtsgeschafte des Volkerrechts - ihr Zustandekommen, ihre Wirkung und ihre Beendigung, by HERIBERT FRANZ KOCK/MARGIT HINTERSTEININGER. 6. Rethinking Security - New threats and new strategies? by WINFRIED LANG. 7. Contract Law Becomes International: 10 Years of Experience with the Uniform Law for International Sales in Austriaby WILLIBALD POSCH. 8. Functional Immunity of International Organizations and Human Rights Die koloniale Grenzziehung in Afrika im Lichte der Verfas ordnung des deutschen Kaiserreiches, by BRUNO SIMMA/DANIEL-ERASMUS KHAN. 9. Colonialism in Europe: Soviet Rule in the Baltic States 1945-1991, by HENN-JURI UIBOPUU. 10. Pinochet : to be or not to be immune, by Paul J.I.M. de Waart. 11. Does International Law Need Reform or Just an Update? by Karl Zemanek. DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENT : 1. International and Euronean Development Law, by Wahe Balekjian. 2. Developing the Constitutional Order of the WTO - The Role of NGOs, by WOLFGANG BENEDIK. 3. Volkerrechtsschutzfur das Klima - Gedanken zu einern Proz PHILIP KUNIG. 4. Compliance with International Environmental Law - The Eme rging regime under the Kyoto Pro tocol, by GERHARD LOIBL. 5. Settlement of Investment Disputes in the Cause of Develop ment, by CHRISTOPH SCHREUER. 6. The International Law of Development: A Millennium Subject of the Twentieth Century?, by PETER SLINN. 7. Fishmeal of bananas, by FRIEDL WEISS. EUROPEAN LAW : 1. The Issue of the Rule of Law in the EU Enlargement Process: Aspects of Slovenian-Italian Relations, by BOJKO BUCAR. 2. The Dynamics of European Law in the Light of the Innovations in the Treaty of Amsterdam of 2 October 1997, by PETER FISCHER. 3. Mostar - Ein Beispiel internationaler Stadtverwaltung durch die Europaische Union, by WALDEMAR HUMMER. 4. Europa und die europtiische Integration, Volkerrecht und Europarecht - eine untrennhare Einheit, by HUBERT ISAK. 5. In Search of the European Identity, by KARI M. MEESSEN. 6. The European Union: A Major Actor in the Field of Security Policy? by HANSPETFR NEUHOLD. 7. Demokratie durch VOlkerrecht? Zu den Menschenrechts- und Demo- kratieklauseln in den Vertragen der Europaischen Gemeinschaft mit Drittstaaten am Beispiel des Lome-Abkommens, by CHRISTIAN PIPPAN. 8. Die EU and mternationale Organisationen - Perspektiven nach dem Vertrag von Amsterdam, by CHRISTOPH PIPPAN. HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN LAW: 1. Developing International and European Law towards Realization of Human Rights for Women, by CHRISTINE AINETTER-BRAUTIGAM. 2. Zum Bedeutungswandel der Menschenrechtsidee durch die Kategorie der Drittdimensionsrechte, by ANDREAS AUPRICH. 2. The Right to Participate in Elections - A Genuine Human Right? Reflections on Article 3 of Protocol No. I to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, by KURT HERNDL. 3. Das Humanitare Volkerrecht auf dem Weg vom Zwischenstaats- zum Weltrecht, by WOLFRAM KARL. 4. The European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CPT) Developing European Human Rights Law? by RENATE KICKER. 5. Developing the Agenda for Human Rights in the Next Century, by MANFRED NOWAK 6. Developing Social Rights in Europe Further: The Revised European So- cial Charter and the Collective Complaints Protocol, by GERD OBERLEITNER. 7. The individual complaints procedure provided for by the optional protocol to CEDAW : A First Evaluation, by LILLY SUCHARIPA-BEHRMANN. 8. Spotlights on Article 2 ECHR, The Right to Life, by STEFAN TRECHSEL. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL LAW : 1. Verfassungsrechtliche Fragen im Bereich der internationalen Beziehun- gen, by LUDWIG ADAMOVICH. 2. North and South in Comparative Constitutional Law - From Colonial Imposition towards a Transnational Constitutionalist Dialogue, by BRUN-OTTO BRYDE. 3. Das osterreichische Kriegsmaterialrecht am Schnittpunkt zwischen Volkerrecht und Staatsinteressen, by EDMUND PRIMOSCH. 4. The Austrian State Treaty - or What is Left of It MANFRED ROTTER. 5. NeutralMt der Schweiz - Illusionen oder (humanitare) Chance? by DANIEL THORER. 6. VolkerrechtUche VertrQge, die Osterreichische Bundesverfassung und Verwaltungspraxis - ein nicht unproblematisches Verhaltnis, by FERDINAND TRAUTTMANSDORFF.

INDEX WORDS:
* OSSE = OSCE = ETYJ
* GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO
* reservationer = reservations = varaumat
* FN:s folkrättskommission = International Law Commission (ILC) = kansainvälisen oikeuden toimikunta
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* CFSP = CFSP = YUTP
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* FN = UN = YK
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes (ICTY and ICTR) = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* UNHCR = UNHCR = UNHCR
* immunitet = immunity = koskemattomuus
* grundlag/författning = constitution = perustuslaki/valtiosääntö
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* tortyr = torture = kidutus
* dödsstraff = death penalty = kuolemanrangaistus
* kärnvapenprov = nuclear test = ydinkoe
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* medborgarskap = citizenship = kansalaisuus
* självständighet = independence = itsenäisyys
* grova brott mot mänskliga rättigheter = gross violations of human rights = törkeät ihmisoikeusloukkaukset
* utlämning = extradition = luovuttaminen
* terrorism = terrorism = terrorismi
* mänsklig dimension = human dimension = inhimillinen ulottuvuus
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* ECJ = ECJ = ECJ
* NIEO = NIEO = UKTJ
* god förvaltning = good governance = hyvä hallinto
* u-hjälp = development aid = kehitysapu
* u-länder = developing countries = kehitysmaat
* klimatförändring = climate change = ilmastomuutos
* hållbar utveckling = sustainable development = kestävä kehitys
* muslimer = Muslims = muslimit
* kroater = Croats = kroaatit
* människorättsklausul = human rights clause = ihmisoikeusklausuuli
* icke-diskriminering = non-discrimination = syrjintäkielto
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* val = elections = vaalit
* politiskt deltagande = political participation = poliittinen osallistuminen
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* människovärde = human dignity = ihmisarvo
* CPT Committee = CPT Committee = CPT Committee
* rapporter = state reports = raportit
* kollektiva rättigheter = collective rights = kollektiiviset oikeudet
* NGO = NGO = NGO
* författningsdomstol = constitutional court = valtiosääntötuomioistuin
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus

NOTE (GENERAL): Treaty of Versailles; Vienna convention on the law of treaties; Paris charter; Helsinki final act; ILC Draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; Refugee convention; ECHR; Vienna convention on diplomatic relations; Lomé convention (IV); TEU; ToA; Kyoto protocol; Framework convention on climate change; Rio declaration; Montreal protocol; Convention on the settlement of investment disputes; Art. 95 (EC treaty); ECHRP-1; ICCPR; UDHR-21; ADRD; ESC; Protocol amending the ESC; CEDAW; ACHPR; ECHR-2-3-5; Collective complaints protocol;

LIBRARY LOCATION: IMR

 
66. Chadwick, Elizabeth : Gone with the war, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Gone with the war : neutral state responsibility and the Geneva arbitration of 1872 / Chadwick, Elizabeth

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Leiden journal of international law : vol. 12; no. 4., p. 787-820. - Leiden : Leiden University. Faculty of Law, 1999. - ISSN 0922-1565

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: The Geneva Arbitration of 1872 was convened to settle various differences be- tween the United States and Great Britain and, in particular, American allegations of British collusion with regard to shipbuilding for the Southern Confederacy during the American Civil War. The Arbitrators ultimately found Britain liable, and awarded $15,500,000 to the United States. This decision remains controversial to the extent that it rested on rules which were not yet accepted as principles of general international law, and which clearly favoured the case of the United States from the outset. It is thus the purpose of this article to explore the facts be hind the Geneva Arbitration, and to argue that the finding of British liability in Geneva marked the beginning decline of the laws of neutrality.

INDEX WORDS:
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* allmän ordning = public order = yleinen järjestys

NOTE (GENERAL): Declaration of Paris;

 
67. McLin, Alexander R. : The ICRC, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

The ICRC : an alibi for Swiss neutrality / McLin, Alexander R.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Duke journal of comparative & international law : symposium : international information infrastructure protection and national security : vol. 9 no. 2., 18 p.. - Durham, NC : Duke University School of Law, 1999.

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* gulfkriget = Gulf war = Persianlahden sota

NOTE (GENERAL): Geneva conventions;

URL http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/djcil/

 
68. Nicholson, Robert D. (ed.) : Universal aspects of judicial independence, 2000
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph series

Universal aspects of judicial independence / Nicholson, Robert D. (ed.) ; Rishmawi, Moba A. (ed.) - (CIJL yearbook ; vol. 8), 227 p.. - Geneva : Centre for the Independece of Judges and Lawyers, 2000. - ISSN 0252-0354

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS: 1. Judicial Independence - an Enduring, Widespread Social Value, by A. R. B. Amerasinghe. 2. Capturing and Maintaining Public Confidence in Courts, by Robert: D. NichoLson. 3. Modes of Appointment and Training of Judges - A Common Law Perspective, by Michael D. Kirby. 4. From Diplock Courts to Jury Courts? by Peter Charleton. an<) Paul Anthony McDerr mott. 5. Prosecuting Authority in the New South Africa, by Dirk. van Zyl Smit and Esther Steyn. 6. The Role of the Zimbabwe Judicialy since Independence, by A.R. Gubbay. 7. Starting Down the Long Trail of Judicial Independence: the Experience in Russia, the Newly Independent States, and Central and Eastern Europe, by Jamu G. Apple. 8. Judicial Independence in the South Pacific, by Thorwu Eichelbaum. Texts : Beirut Declaration. Recommendations of the First Arab Conference on Justice,held in Beirut, Lebanon, 14 to 16 June 1999 Latimer House Principles and Guidelines for the Commonwealth Colloquium on "Parliamentary Supremacy, Judicial Independence towards a Commonwealth Model", held at Latimer House, United Kingdom, 15 to 19 June 1998.

INDEX WORDS:
* självstyrelse = self-government = itsehallinto
* självständighet = independence = itsenäisyys
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* massmedia = mass media = joukkotiedotusvälineet
* oavhängig och opartisk domstol = independent and impartial tribunal = riippumaton ja puolueeton tuomioistuin

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Russian Federation

LIBRARY LOCATION: IMR

SHELF CODE: s CIJL

 
69. Tams, Christian J. : Die Tätigkeit der International Law Commission im Jahr 1999, 2000
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

Die Tätigkeit der International Law Commission im Jahr 1999 / Tams, Christian J.

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: German yearbook of international law (GYIL) 1999 : vol. 42, p. 552-568. - Berlin : Duncker & Humblot, 2000. - ISSN 0344-3094

ISBN 3-428-10216

LANGUAGE: GER

INDEX WORDS:
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* FN:s folkrättskommission = International Law Commission (ILC) = kansainvälisen oikeuden toimikunta

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter;

 
70. Bring, Ove : Strindberg och folkrätten, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Strindberg och folkrätten / Bring, Ove

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Svensk juristtidning, p. 656-670. - Stockholm, 1999. - ISSN 0039-6591

LANGUAGE: SWE

INDEX WORDS:
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* självbestämmanderätt = self-determination = itsemääräämisoikeus
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet

LIBRARY LOCATION: Privaträtt

 
71. Weiss, Peter ... [et al.] : Draft memorial in support of the application by the World Health Organization for an advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice on the leaglity of the use of nuclear weapons under international law, including the WHO constitution, 1994
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Draft memorial in support of the application by the World Health Organization for an advisory opinion by the International Court of Justice on the leaglity of the use of nuclear weapons under international law, including the WHO constitution / Weiss, Peter ... [et al.]

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Transnational law & contemporary problems : symposium : regional economic integration in the global marketplace : vol. 4; no. 2 (Fall 1994)., p. 717-816. - Iowa City : University of Iowa College of Law, 1994.

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* WHO = WHO = WHo
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* rådgivande yttrande = advisory opinion = neuvoa-antava mielipide
* krigets lagar = laws of war = sodan oikeussäännöt
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions;

 
72. Marston, Geoffrey (ed.) : United Kingdom materials on international law 1999, 2000
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of monograph series

United Kingdom materials on international law 1999 / Marston, Geoffrey (ed.)

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT: The British year book of international law 1999 : 70 / Crawford, J. ... [et al.], p. 387-634. - Oxford : Oxford U. P., 2000.

ISBN 0-19-829914-1

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* soft law = soft law = soft law
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* erkännande av stat = recognition of state = valtion tunnustaminen
* nationalitet = nationality = kansallisuus
* statslösa personer = stateless persons = valtiottomat henkilöt
* flyktingar = refugees = pakolaiset
* invandring = immigration = maahanmuutto
* utlämning = extradition = luovuttaminen
* utvisning = expulsion = maastakarkotus
* asyl = asylum = turvapaikka
* jurisdiktion = jurisdiction = lainkäyttö
* fredlig lösning av tvister = dispute settlement = riitaisuuksien rauhanomainen selvittäminen
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* användning av maktmedel = use of force = voimakeinojen käyttö
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* NATO = NATO = NATO

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Bosnia-Herzegovina

LOCAL GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Kosovo

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter;

 
73. Solo, Kholisani : Public service traditions and tenure, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Public service traditions and tenure / Solo, Kholisani

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): African journal of international and comparative law : vol. 11; no. 2., p. 316-327. - London : The African Society of International and Comparative law, 1999. - ISSN 0954-8890

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* politiska partier = political parties = poliittiset puolueet
* autonomi = autonomy = autonomia

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Botswana

 
74. Gordon, D. S. (ed.) : Aspects of peacekeeping, 2001
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Aspects of peacekeeping / Gordon, D. S. (ed.) ; Toase, F. H. (ed.) - (The Sandhurst conference series ; 2), xxix, 286 p.. - London : Frank Cass, 2001. - ISSN 1468-1153

ISBN 0-7146-8101-6

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: TABLE OF CONTENTS: Section 1 : THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM : EVOLUTION AND CHANGE: 1. The humanit arian security dilemma in international peacekeeping, by Shashi Tharoor, Ian Johnstone. 2. Icarus rising and falling - the evolution of UN command and control structures, by Stuart Gordon. 3. European approaches to peacekeeping - the muddled legacy of the Yugoslav wars, by Rosemary Durward. 4. Bilateral and multilateral peacekeeping units in Central and Eastern Europe, by Paul Latawski. 5. Regional initiatives and non-UN forms of intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa, by Edmund Yorks. Section 2 : HUMANITARIAN ACTION AND PEACEKEEPING: 6. "Those who have the power to hurt but do none" : the military and the humanitarian, by Jim Whitman. 7. The evolution of UN humanitarian operations, by Sergio Vieira de Mello. 8. Positioning humanitarianism in war - principles of neutrality, impartiality and solidarity, by Hugo Slim. 9. Understanding, promoting and evaluating co-ordination - an outline framework, by Koenraad Van Brabant. 10. Armed protection for humanitarian action - what are the questions? by Koenraad Van Brabant. Section 3 : PEACE-SUPPPORT OPERATIONS AND THE MILITARY: 11. The legitimisation o strategic peacekeeping: military culture, the defining moment, by James Gow, Christopher Dandeker. 12. British peacekeeping doctrine - a critique, by Ricard Connaughton. 13. A recipe for making safe areas unsafe, by Stuart Gordon. 14. Civil affairs - soldiers building bridges, by Edward Flint. 15. Warlordism, complex emergencies, and the search for a doctrine of humanitarian intervention, by Paul B. Rich.

INDEX WORDS:
* fredsbevarande styrkor = peace-keeping forces = rauhanturvajoukot
* intervention = intervention = interventio
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* humanitär intervention = humanitarian intervention = humanitaarinen interventio
* EU = EU = EU
* EMU = EMU = EMU
* judeförintelsen = holocaust = juutalaisvaino
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* IMF = IMF = IMF
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* NGO = NGO = NGO
* OAU = OAU = OAU
* OSSE = OSCE = OSSE
* Världsbanken = World Bank = Maailmanpankki
* WEU = WEU = WEU
* CFSP = CFSP = YUTP

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Africa / ALgeria / Argentina / Austria / Bosnia-Herzegovina / Botswana / Bulgaria / Central Europe / Eastern Europe / China / Croatia / Czechoslovakia / El Salvador / Iraq / Korea / Kuwait / Lesotho / Liberia / Netherlands / Nigeria / Poland / Russian Federation / Rwanda / Somalia / USSR / Sudan / USA / Forme Yugoslavia / Zimbabwe / Viet Nam

 
75. Tupamäki, Matti (ed.) : Liber amicorum Bengt Broms, 1999
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph series

Liber amicorum Bengt Broms : celebrating his 70th birthday 16 October 1999 / Tupamäki, Matti (ed.) - (Publications of the Finnish Branch of the International Law Association ; no. 9), vii, 655 p.. - Helsinki : Finnish Branch of the International Law Association, 1999.

ISBN 951-97892-2-7

LANGUAGE: ENG, FRE

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. Recent developments in space transportation system and the problems relating to the definition of space objects in space law : a brief reflection on the legal of space planes, by Maurice N. Andem. 2. From Suez to Kosovo : a dynamic view of chapters VI to VIII of the UN charter. 3. The new European Court of Human Rights between international and domestic law, by Benedetto Conforti. 4. Prospects for a charter review, by Nabil Elaraby. 5. Le disestement devant la Cour Internationale de Justice, by Gilbert Guillaume. 6. Vessel-source pollution in the UN law of the sea convention : some assessment as of today, by Kari Hakapää. 7. Commercial concern vs. public interest : reconceiling the internet domain name system and the protection of intellectual property rights, by Veijo Heiskanen. 8. The scope of international law : erga omnes obligations and the turn to morality, by Jan Klabbers. 9. Evil intentions or vicious acts? What is prima facie evidence of genocide?, by Martti Koskenniemi. 10. Questions and reflections, contemporary security concerns, by Pirkko and Erkki Kourula. 11. Towards an international and European criminal policy?, by Raimo Lahti. 12. Use of biological agents in warfare andterrorism, by Jorma K. Miettinen. 13. Protection of national minorities through autonomy status, by Tore Modeen. 14. Dissenting opinions in international arbitration, by Richard M. Mosk and Tom Ginsburg. 15. Presenting claims of minor claimants before the Iran-U. S. claims tribunal: twilight of ambiguity, by A. Mouri. 16. On the revision of the European judgment conventions, by Gustaf Möller. 17. The act of state doctrine in the United States and the treaty exception to it, by Assadollah Noori. 18. International jurisdiction : a deepening quagmire, by Cecil J. Olmstead. 19. Marchal Petain: the hero of Verdun and a traitor or France, by Raimo Pekkanen. 20. Does the European convention on human rights require "prompt, adequate and effective" compensation for deprivation of possensions?, by Matti Pellonpää. 21. Evolution of an international arbitartion culture, by M.C.W.Pinto. 22. Les relations internationales commerciales de l'Union Europeenne - un apercu juridique et developpments acuels,par Allan Rosas. 23. Unilateral applications to the International Court of Justcie : history revisited, by Shabtai Rosenne. 24. The international protection of internally displaced persons (IDPS), by Enrique P. Syquia. 25. From a "transitory" nuclear-weapon-state to a non-nuclear-weapon-state - and back? The case of Ukraine, by Kari T. Takamaa. 26. The constitution court of the Russian Federation and international law, by Oleg Tiunov.

INDEX WORDS:
* rymdforskning = space research = avaruustutkimus
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* tolkning = interpretation = tulkinta
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* FN = UN = YK
* humanitär intervention = humanitarian intervention = humanitaarinen interventio
* europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = European Court of Human Rights = Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* humanitär rätt = humanitarian law = humanitaarinen oikeus
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* väpnade styrkor = armed forces = asevoimat
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* oskadlig genomfart = innocent passage = viaton kauttakulku
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* användning av maktmedel = use of force = voimakeinojen käyttö
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes (ICTY and ICTR) = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* intolerans = intolerance = suvaitsemattomuus
* flyktingar = refugees = pakolaiset
* OSSE = OSCE = ETYJ
* internflyktingar = internally displaced persons = maan sisäiset pakolaiset
* OAU = OAU = OAU
* internationell straffrätt = international criminal justice = kansainvälinen rikosoikeus
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* EU = EU = EU
* terrorism = terrorism = terrorismi
* biologiska vapen = biological weapons = biologiset aseet
* nationella minoriteter = national minorities = kansalliset vähemmistöt
* autonomi = autonomy = autonomia
* finlandssvenskar = Swedish-speaking Finns = suomenruotsalaiset
* skyddet av språk och kultur = protection of language and culture = kielen ja kulttuurin suojelu
* utrikespolitik = foreign policy = ulkopolitiikka
* prövningsmarginal = margin of appreciation = harkintamarginaali
* äganderätt = right to property = omistusoikeus
* internationell handel = international trade = kansainvälinen kauppa
* GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO
* UNHCR = UNHCR = UNHCR
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* ratificering = ratification = ratifiointi
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* nedrustning = disarmament = aseidenriisunta
* ESK/KSSE = CSCE = ETYK
* författningsdomstol = constitutional court = valtiosääntötuomioistuin

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Former Yugoslavia / Finland / USA / CIS states / Russian Federation / United Kingdom / Germany

LOCAL GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Kosovo Aaland Islands

NOTE (GENERAL): Chicago convention; Outer space traety; Registration convention; UN charter; Agenda for peace; UDHR; ICESCR; ICCPR; CERD; CEDAW; AMR; Convention on the law of the sea; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; Vienna conventio n on the law of treaties; Genocide convention; ECHRP-11; TEU; The statute of the ICC; Brussels convention; Lugano convention; ToA; EC-treaty (art. 131); Alma Ata agreement; Start I treaty;

 
76. Smooha, Sammy : The model of ethnic democracy, 2001
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: collection

The model of ethnic democracy / Smooha, Sammy - (ECMI working paper ; 13) - Flensburg : European Centre for Minority Issues, 2001. - ISSN 1435-9812

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* minoritetsgrupper = minority groups = vähemmistöryhmät
* nationella minoriteter = national minorities = kansalliset vähemmistöt
* nationalism = nationalism = nationalismi
* jämlikhet = equality = tasa-arvo
* kollektiva rättigheter = collective rights = kollektiiviset oikeudet
* assimilering = assimilation = assimilaatio
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* invandrare = immigrants = maahanmuuttajat
* mångkulturalism = multiculturalism = monikulttuurisuus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Estonia / Israel / Slovakia / Northern Ireland / Poland / Malaysia

LIBRARY LOCATION: Folkrätt

SHELF CODE: s ECMI

URL http://www.ecmi.de/doc/public_papers.html
URL (also in full text)

 
77. Ålandsfrågan inför Nationernas Förbund, 1920
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Ålandsfrågan inför Nationernas Förbund : svenska regeringens inlagor till Förbundsrådet och till den Internationella Juristkommissionen , jämte bihang innehållande juristkommissionens och den brittiske representantens i rådets utlåtanden samt rådets på grund därav fattade beslut (Juli-September 1920) /. - 3 vol.. - (Diplomatiska aktstycken utgivna av Kungl. Utrikesdepartementet) - Stockholm : Norstedt & Söner, 1920.

LANGUAGE: SWE, FRE

INDEX WORDS:
* finlandssvenskar = Swedish-speaking Finns = suomenruotsalaiset
* självstyrelse = self-government = itsehallinto
* skyddet av språk och kultur = protection of language and culture = kielen ja kulttuurin suojelu
* rätt att använda sitt eget språk = right to use one's own language = oikeus käyttää omaa kieltään
* folkomröstning = referendum = kansanäänestys
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* demilitarisering = demilitarisation = demilitarisointi
* FN = LN = KL

LOCAL GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Aaland Islands

LIBRARY LOCATION: Också på ÅAB/Alandica-samlingen

 
78. Klip, André (ed.) : Annotated leading cases : volume IV, 2002
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph series

Annotated leading cases : volume IV : the international criminal tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia 1999-2000 / Klip, André (ed.) ; Sluiter, Göran, 899 p.. - Antwerp : Intersentia, 2002.

ISBN 90-509-5213-5

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes (ICTY) = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* oavhängig och opartisk domstol = independent and impartial tribunal = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* missaktning inför domstol = contempt of court = julkisen viranomaisen halventaminen
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* diskriminering = discrimination = syrjintä
* omänsklig behandling eller bestraffning = inhuman treatment or punishment = epäinhimillinen kohtelu tai rangaistus
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* allmänna ordningen = public order = yleinen järjestys
* personligt straffansvar = individual criminal responsibility = yksilöllinen rikosvastuu
* civilbefolkning = civilian population = siviiliväestö
* muslimer = Muslims = muslimit
* offer = victims = uhrit
* brott mot mänskligheten = crimes against humanity = rikos ihmisyyttä vastaan
* kroater = croats = kroaatit
* beväpnade styrkor = armed forces = asevoimat

NOTE (GENERAL): The ICTY statute;

LIBRARY LOCATION: IMR

SHELF CODE: ICTY

 
79. Schmitt, Micahel N. (ed.) : International law across the spectrum of conflict, 2000
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph series

International law across the spectrum of conflict : essays in honour of Professor L. C. Green on the occasion of his eightieth birthday / Schmitt, Micahel N. (ed.) - (International law studies ; vol. 75), xviii, 607 p.. - Newport : Naval War College, 2000.

ISBN 1-8847-3317-4

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. Normative framework of international humanitarian law: overlaps, gaps and ambiguities, by M. Cherif Bassiouni. 2. Westphalian peace tradition in international law: from Jus ad bellum to Jus contra bellum, by Ove Bring. 3. Properly speaking, only celestial bodies have been reserved for use exclusively for peaceful (non-military) purposes, but not outer void space, by Bin Cheng. 4. On genocide / Anthony D'Amato. 5. Initiation, suspension, and termination of war, by Yoram Dinstein. 6. Legal issues of multinational military units: tasks and missions, stationing law, command and control, by Dieter Fleck. 7. International law and the conduct of military operations: stocktaking at the start of the new millennium, by Christopher Greenwood. 8. Naval blockade Wolff Heintschel von command and control, by Dieter Fleck. 9. International law and the conduct of military operations: stocktaking at the start of the new millennium, by Christopher Greenwood. 10. Naval blockade, by Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg. 11. Dispute settlement under the 1997 Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, by Ruth Lapidoth. 12. History and status of the international criminal court, by Howard S. Levie. 13. Charter of the United Nations as a world constitution, by Ronald St. J. Macdonald. 14. International humanitarian law from Agincourt to Rome, by Theodor Meron. 15. Legal implications of NATO's armed intervention in Kosovo, by Ved P. Nanda. 16. Making law of war treaties: lessons from submarine warfare regulation, by W. Hays Parks 17. Antecedents of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court revisited, by Shabtai Rosenne. 18. International criminal court: a skeptical analysis, by Alfred P. Rubin. 19. Chivalry in the air? Article 42 of the 1977 protocol I to Alfred by P. Rubin. 20. Chivalry in the air? Article 42 of the 1977 protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, by Robbie Sabel 21. Law of armed conflict as soft power: optimizing strategic choice, by Michael N. Schmitt. 22. Jus pacis ac belli? Prolegomena to a sociology of international law, by Georg Schwarzenberger. 23. UN forces and international humanitarian law, by Paul C. Szasz. 24. Rome Statute on the International Criminal Court--universal jurisdiction or state consent--to make or break the package deal, by Sharon A. Williams. 25. Consent--to make or break the package deal, by Sharon A. Williams.

INDEX WORDS:
* humanitär rätt = humanitarian law = humanitaarinen oikeus
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* NATO-bombning = NATO bombing = NATOn pommitus
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* aggression = aggression = aggressio
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* nedrustning = disarmament = aseidenriisunta
* kemiska vapen = chemical weapons = kemialliset aseet
* kollektiv säkerhet = collective security = kollektiivinen turvallisuus
* brott mot mänskligheten = crimes against humanity = rikos ihmisyyttä vastaan
* kulturell egendom = cultural property = kulttuuriomaisuus
* internationell sedvanerätt = customary international law = kansainvälinen tapaoikeus
* kollektivt självförsvar = collective self-defence = kollektiivinen itsepuolustus
* fredlig lösning av tvister = dispute settlement = riitaisuuksien rauhanomainen selvittäminen
* EG = EC = EY
* utlämning = extradition = luovuttaminen
* användning av maktmedel = use of force = voimakeinojen käyttö
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* grova brott mot mänskliga rättigheter = gross violations of human rights = törkeät ihmisoikeusloukkaukset
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* personligt straffansvar = individual criminal responsibility = yksilöllinen rikosvastuu
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* internationella brott = international crimes = kansainväliset rikkomukset
* internationell straffrätt = international criminal justice = kansainvälinen rikosvastuu
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes (ICTY and ICTR) = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* FN:s folkrättskommission = International Law Commission (ILC) = kansainvälisen oikeuden toimikunta
* jurisdiktion = jurisdiction = lainkäyttö
* peremptory norms = jus cogens = jus cogens
* landminor = landmines = maamiinat
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* OSSE = OSCE = ETYJ
* yttrerymden = outer space = ulkoavaruus
* fredsbevarande styrkor = peace-keeping forces = rauhanturvajoukot
* krigsfångar = prisoners of war = sotavangit
* sanktioner = sanctions = pakotteet
* Säkerhetsrådet = Security Council = Turvallisuusneuvosto
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* slaveri = slavery = orjuus
* självbestämmanderätt = self-determination = itsemääräämisoikeus
* tortyr = torture = kidutus
* krigsförbrytelser = war crimes = sotarikokset
* kvinnor = women = naiset
* våldtäkt = rape = raiskaus
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* nationalitet = nationality = kansallisuus
* anklagade personer = accused persons = syytetyt henkilöt
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet

NOTE (GENERAL): Treaty of Paris; Antarctica treaty; Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; CWC; Ottawa convention; Genocide convention; Hague convention for the protection of cultural property; Vienna convention onthe law of treaties; UN charter; Draft code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind; UDHR; The statute of the ICC; Code of crimes against the peace and security of mankind; Vienna convention on the law of treaties;

LIBRARY LOCATION: ÅAB

 
80. Scott, Shirley V. : International law in world politics, 2004
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

International law in world politics : an introduction / Scott, Shirley V., vii, 327 p.. - Boulder : Lynne Rienner, 2004.

ISBN 1-58826-174-3

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. International law and world politics entwined. 2. States in international law. 3. Inter-governmental organizations in international law. 4. Non-state actors in international law. 5. The logical structure of international law. 6. Legal argument as political maneuvering. 7. Reading a multilateral treaty. 8. The evolution of a multilateral treaty regime. 9. International law and arms control. 10. International human rights law. 10. International humanitarian law. 11. International law and the environment. 12. The future role of international law in world politics. 13. The future role of international law in world politics.

INDEX WORDS:
* skiljedom = arbitration = sovittelu
* biologiska vapen = biological weapons = biologiset aseet
* kemiska vapen = chemical weapons = kemialliset aseet
* klimatförändring = climate change = ilmastomuutos
* CRC Committee = CRC Committee = CRC Committee
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes (ICTY and ICTR) = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* brott mot mänskligheten = crimes against humanity = rikos ihmisyyttä vastaan
* internationell sedvanerätt = customary international law = kansainvälinen tapaoikeus
* u-länder = developing countries = kehitysmaat
* nationell rätt = national law = kansallinen oikeus
* reservationer = reservations = varaumat
* miljöskydd = environmental protection = ympäristönsuojelu
* europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = European Court of Human Rights = Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* ECJ = ECJ = ECJ
* GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO = GATT/WTO
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* humanitär intervention = humanitarian intervention = humanitaarinen interventio
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* IMO = IMO = IMO
* landminor = landmines = maamiinat
* multinationella bolag = transnational corporations (TNC) = monikansalliset yritykset
* nationalstat = nation state = kansallisvaltio
* NGO = NGO = NGO
* non-state actors = non-state actors = non-state actors
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* OECD = OECD = OECD
* OAU = OAU = OAU
* yttrerymden = outer space = ulkoavaruus
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* rasdiskriminering = racial discrimination = rotusyrjintä
* flyktingar = refugees = pakolaiset
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* terrorism = terrorism = terrorismi
* tortyr = torture = kidutus
* UNHCR = UNHCR = UNHCR
* användning av maktmedel = use of force = voimakeinojen käyttö
* krigsförbrytelser = war crimes = sotarikokset
* kvinnor = women = naiset
* WHO = WHO = WHO
* WTO = WTO = WTO

NOTE (GENERAL): Vienna convention on the law of treaties; Vienna convention on diplomatic relations; Vienna convention on state succession; Versailles treaty; UDHR; Framework convention on climate change; UN charter; Treaty of Westphalia; Tokyo charter; Refugee convention; CERD; Ottawa convention; Montreal protocol; Convention on the law of the sea; Johannesburg declaration; ICCPR; ICESCR; Genocide convention; EU charter of fundamental rights; ESC; Geneva conventions; Friendly relations declaration; CRC; CCW; CAT; CWC; ACHPR;

 
81. Rosenne, Shabtai : The perplexities of modern international law, 2004
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph series

The perplexities of modern international law / Rosenne, Shabtai - (The Hague Academy of international law monographs ; 2), xxvi, 471 p.. - Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 2004.

ISBN 90-04-13692-4

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS: Chapter 1: Some words of introduction: The unity of international law. Chapter II: Where to find the law. Chapter III: International courts and tribunals. Chapter IV: The use of force. Chapter V: International Humanitarian Law. Chapter VI: Human rights. Chapter VII: International personality. Chapter VIII: Maritime spaces. Chapter IX: Space, air, outer, cyber. Chapter X: The written word. Chapter XI: Responsibilities and remedies. Chapter XII: The united nations system. Chapter XIII: Some concluding thoughts. Index.

INDEX WORDS:
* internationell sedvanerätt = customary international law = kansainvälinen tapaoikeus
* användning av maktmedel = use of force = voimakeinojen käyttö
* rådgivande yttrande = advisory opinion = neuvoa-antava mielipide
* interima åtgärder = interim measures = väliaikaiset toimenpiteet
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* skiljedom = arbitration = sovittelu
* massförstörelsevapen = weapons of mass destruction (WMD) = joukkotuhoaseet
* aggression = aggression = aggressio
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* NGO = nGO = NGO
* havsrätten = maritime law = merioikeus
* jus cogens = peremptory norms = peremptory norms
* FN:s folkrättskommission = International Law Commission (ILC) = kansainvälisen oikeuden toimikunta
* reservationer = reservations = varaumat
* europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = European Court of Human Rights = Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* afrikanska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights = Afrikan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* Europarådet = Council of Europe = Euroopan Neuvosto
* brott mot mänskligheten = crimes against humanity = rikos ihmisyyttä vastaan
* utlämning = extradition = luovuttaminen
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* interamerikanska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = Inter-American Court of Human Rights = Inter-amerikkalainen ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* islam = Islam = islaminusko
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* OAU = OAU = OAU
* OAS = OAS = OAS
* yttrerymden = outer space = ulkoavaruus
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* självförsvar = self-defence = itsepuolustus
* terrorism = terrorism = terrorismi
* krigsförbrytelser = war crimes = sotarikokset
* WHO = WHO = WHO

NOTE (GENERAL): UDHR; UN charter;

URL http://www.brill.nl/m_catalogue_search.asp?sub=6&converted_subtitle=gerard+%3CAND%3E+kreijen&subtitle=gerard+kreijen&x=5&y=12

 
82. Wolfe, James H. : Modern international law, 2002
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Modern international law : an introduction to the law of nations / Wolfe, James H., x, 198 p.. - Saddle River, NJ : Prentice hall, 2002.

ISBN 4~0-13-017043-7

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* asyl = asylum = turvapaikka
* barn = children = lapset
* medborgarskap = citizenship = kansalaisuus
* etniska grupper = ethnic groups = etniset ryhmät
* erga omnes = erga omnes = erga omnes
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* utlämning = extradition = luovuttaminen
* slaveri = slavery = orjuus
* statslösa personer = stateless persons = valtiottomat henkilöt
* terrorism = terrorism = terrorismi
* kvinnor = women = naiset
* författning/grundlag = constitution = perustuslaki/valtiosääntö
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Chile

NOTE (GENERAL): UDHR; CAT; UN charter; Convention on consular relations;

URL http://www.orientalia.org/review-0130170437-us.html

 
83. Forsythe, David P. : The humanitarians, 2005
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

The humanitarians : the International Committee of the Red Cross / Forsythe, David P., xv, 356 p.. - Cambridge : Cambridge U. P., 2005.

ISBN 0-521-61281-0

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. Part I. Historical Analysis:. 1. The ICRC during its early years. 2. The ICRC during the Cold War. 3. The ICRC after the Cold War. 4. The ICRC and the US ‘war’ on terrorism. Part II. Policy Analysis:. 5. ICRC principles and policies. 6. ICRC structure and management. 7. The ICRC and international humanitarian law. Part III. Conclusion:. 8. The ICRC and Red Cross humanitarianism. Annex A: The ICRC and the Red Cross Movement; Annex B: The ICRC and Selected Private Relief Agencies; Annex C: The ICRC: One of the Big Four Relief Agencies; Annex D: The ICRC and Selected Advocacy Groups; Annex E: The ICRC Organizational Chart; Bibliography.

INDEX WORDS:
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* kolonialism = colonialism = kolonialismi
* demokrati = democracy = demokratia
* etnisk rensning = ethnic cleansing = etninen puhdistus
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* ovillkorliga rättigheter = non-derogable rights = ehdottomat oikeudet
* islam = Islam = islaminusko
* landminor = landmines = maamiinat
* muslimer = Muslims = muslimit
* NATO-bombning = NATO bombing = NATOn pommitus
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* krigsfångar = prisoners of war = sotavangit
* rasism = racism = rasismi
* flyktingar = refugees = pakolaiset
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* UNHCR = UNHCR = UNHCR
* WHO = WHO = WHO
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Afghanistan / Africa / Angola / Argentina / Amenia / Asia / Australia / Austria / Belgium / Bosnia-Herzegovina / Brazil / Burundi / Cambodia / Congo / Costa Rica / Cuba / Cyprus / East Timor / Egypt / El Salvador / Eritrea / Ethiopia / France / Germany / Guatemala / Haiti / Hungary / Iran / Iraq / Ireland / Israel / Italy / Japan / Kazakhstan / Korea / Lebanon / Liberia / Montenegro / Mozambique / Nairobi / New Zealand / Nigeria / Pakistan / Palestine / Philippines / Poland / Portugal / Rwanda / Sierra Leone / SLovenia / Somalia / SouthSfrica / South America / USSR / Spain / Sudan / Sweden / Switzerland / Syria / Thailand / Tibet / Turkey / United Kingdom / USA / Viet Nam / Yemen / Yugoslavia / Zaire

NOTE (GENERAL): Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; Ottawa convention;

URL http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521848288

 
84. Oppenheim, L. : International law: a treatise, 1952
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

International law: a treatise : vol. II: disputes, war and neutrality / Oppenheim, L. ; Lauterpacht, H. (ed.). - 7th ed.., liii, 941 p.. - London : Longmans, Green and Co Ltd, 1952.

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö
* fredlig lösning av tvister = dispute settlement = riitaisuuksien rauhanomainen selvittäminen
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* FN = UN = YK
* krigets lagar = laws of war = sodan oikeussäännöt
* krig = war = sota
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* krigföring = warfare = sodankäynti

LIBRARY LOCATION: IMR

SHELF CODE: VIB

 
85. Eriksson, Susanne : Fredens öar, 2006
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Fredens öar : Ålands självstyrelse, demilitarisering och neutralisering / Eriksson, Susanne ; Johansson, Lars Ingmar ; Sundback, Barbro, 127 p.. - Mariehamn, Åland : Ålands fredsinstitut, 2006.

ISBN 952-5265-16-1

LANGUAGE: SWE

ABSTRACT: Contents:. 1. Susanne Eriksson:. Åland - demilitariserat och neutraliserat område. 2. Lars Ingmar Johansson:. Ålands självstyrelse - bakgrund och dagsläge. 3. Barbro Sundback:. En succéhistoria.

INDEX WORDS:
* Ålandsfrågan = Åland question = Ahvenanmaan kysymys
* självstyrelse = self-government = itsehallinto
* demilitarisering = demilitarisation = demilitarisointi
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* NF = LN = KL
* skyddet av språk och kultur = protection of language and culture = kielen ja kulttuurin suojelu
* autonomi = autonomy = autonomia

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Aaland Islands

URL http://www.peace.aland.fi/publications/fredensoar.pdf

 
86. Krigets lagar, 1996
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Krigets lagar : folkrättsliga konventioner gällande under krig, neutralitet och ockupation / ; Försvarsdepartementet. - version 2.1., ix, 564 p.. - Stockholm : Fritzes, 1996.

ISBN 91-38-31004-X

LANGUAGE: SWE

INDEX WORDS:
* krigets lagar = laws of war = sodan oikeussäännöt
* humanitär rätt = humanitarian law = humanitaarinen oikeus
* internationella fördrag = international treaties = kansainväliset sopimukset
* ockupation = occupation = miehitys
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* vapen = weapons = aseet

 
87. Tapanila, Antti : Tuomarin esteellisyys, 2007
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph series

Tuomarin esteellisyys / Tapanila, Antti - (Suomalaisen lakimiesyhdistyksen julkaisuja/A-sarja ; n:o 282), xxii, 419 p.. - Helsinki : Suomalainen lakimiesyhdistys, 2007.

ISBN 978-951-855-272-0

LANGUAGE: FIN

INDEX WORDS:
* domare = judges = tuomarit
* jäv = bias = esteellisyys
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* rättsfall/rättspraxis = cases/case law = oikeustapaukset/oikeuskäytäntö

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Finland

NOTE (THESIS): Dissertation, Lapin yliopiston oikeustieteiden tiedekunta

URL http://www.bookplus.fi/product.php?isbn=9789518552720&CustID=8c037f49e40a0a08d13165b90133b4ea

 
88. Engdahl, Ola (ed.) : Law at war, 2008
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Law at war : the law as it was and the law as it should be : liber amicorum Ove Bring / Engdahl, Ola (ed.) ; Wrange, Pål - (International humanitarian law series ; vol. 22), xi, 325 p.. - Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 2008. - ISSN 1389-6776

ISBN 978-90-04-17016-2

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: CONTENTS:. 1. From Ove to Bring, Marie Jacobsson; 2. The Writings of Ove Bring, Marie Jacobsson; 3. Legal Restraints on the Use of Armed Force, Hans Blix; 4. Individual Responsibility under National and International Law for the Conduct of Armed Conflict, Iain Cameron; 5. Reflections on the Security Council and Its Mandate to Maintain International Peace and Security, Hans Corell; 6. National Sovereignty and Responsibility for Spent Nuclear Fuel, Per Cramér; 7. The Developing Relationship Between Law and Politics in the United Nations Human Rights Council, Gudmundur Eiriksson; 8. The Future of Human Rights Law in Peace Operations, Ola Engdahl; 9. Sense and Sensibility in Sentencing – Taking Stock of International Criminal Punishment, Frederik Harhoff; 10 Submarine Operations and International Law, Wolff Heintschel von Heinegg; Table of Contents; 11. Occupation and Sovereignty – Still a Useful Distinction?, Martti Koskenniemi; 12. The Second Lebanon War: Reflections on the 2006 Israeli Military Operations against Hezbollah, Said Mahmoudi; 13 Cluster Munitions, Proportionality and the Foreseeability of Civilian Damage, Timothy L. H. McCormack & Paramdeep B. Mtharu; 14. Sacrificial Violence and Targeting in International Humanitarian Law, Gregor Noll; 15 J.-J. Rousseau and the Law of Armed Force, Allan Rosas; 16 Secession, Self-determination of ‘Peoples’ and Recognition – The Case of Kosovo’s Declaration of Independence and International Law, Per Sevastik; 17. Fighting for Justice: Åke Hammarskjöld at the Permanent Court of International Justice, Ole Spiermann; 18. Do We Need a World Court of Human Rights?, Geir Ulfstein; 19. Neutrality, Impartiality and Our Responsibility to Uphold International Law, Pål Wrange; 20. The Diluted, Dismantled, Disjointed and Resilient Old Collective Security System or Decision-making and the Use of Force – the Law as it Could Be, Inger Österdahl; Index

INDEX WORDS:
* aggression = aggression = hyökkäys
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* asyl = asylum = turvapaikka
* civilbefolkning = civilian population = siviiliväestö
* brott mot mänskligheten = crimes against humanity = rikos ihmisyyttä vastaan
* strafflag = criminal law = rikoslaki
* demokrati = democracy = demokratia
* diskriminering = discrimination = syrjintä
* nedrustning = disarmament = aseidenriisunta
* undantagstillstånd = state of emergency = hätätila
* fängslade personer = imprisoned persons = vangitut henkilöt
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* mänskliga rättigheter = human rights = ihmisoikeudet
* humanitär intervention = humanitarian intervention = humanitaarinen interventio
* immunitet = immunity = koskemattomuus
* ICJ = ICJ = ICJ
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* internationella tribunalen för krigsförbrytelser = international tribunal on war crimes (ICTY and ICTR) = kansainvälinen sotarikostuomioistuin
* jus in bello = jus in bello = jus in bello
* jus ad bellum = jus ad bellum = jus ad bellum
* krigets lagar = laws of war = sodan oikeussäännöt
* neutralitet = neutrality = koskemattomuus
* non-state actors = non-state actors = non-state actors
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet
* fredsbevarande styrkor = peace-keeping forces = rauhanturvajoukot
* PCIJ = PCIJ = PCIJ
* folkmord = genocide = kansanmurha
* krigsfångar = prisoners of war =
* självförsvar = self-defence = itsepuolustus
* suveränitet = sovereignty = suvereniteetti
* statsansvar = state responsibility = valtiovastuu
* terrorism = terrorism = terrorismi
* tortyr = torture = kidutus
* Säkerhetsrådet = Security Council = Turvallisuusneuvosto
* krigsförbrytelser = war crimes = sotarikokset
* Världsbanken = World Bank = Maailmanpankki
* NATO = NATO = NATO
* europeiska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = European Court of Human Rights = Euroopan ihmisoikeustuomioistuin

NOTE (GENERAL): UN charter; Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; CAT; ECHR-15; ICCPR-4; AMR-27;

URL http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=210&pid=30955

 
89. Kalshoven, Frits : Reflections on the law of war, 2007
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: monograph

Reflections on the law of war : collected essays / Kalshoven, Frits - ( International humanitarian law series ; vol. 17), x, 1115 p.. - Leiden : Martinus Nijhoff publ., 2007.

ISBN 978-90-04-15825-2

LANGUAGE: ENG

ABSTRACT: PART I: WARFARE: THE ACTORS, THE LAW:. 1. The setting. 2. Introduction to the law of warfare. PART 2 : REAFFIRMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW:. 3. The conference of government experts on the reaffirmation and development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts, 24 May - 12 June, 1971). 4. The conference of government experts on the reaffirmation and development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts (second session), 3 May - 2 June, 1972. 5. The first session of the diplomatic conference on reaffirmation and development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts, Geneva, 20 February - 29 March 1974. 6. Applicability of customary international law in non-international armed conflicts. 7. The conference of government experts on the use of certain conventional weapons, Lucerne, 24 September - 18 October, 1974. 8. The conference of government experts on the use of certain conventional weapons, second session, Lugano, 28 January - 26 February, 1976. 9.The diplomatic conference on reaffirmation and development of international humanitarian law, applicable in armed conflicts, Geneva, 1974-1977. 10. The Netherlands and international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts. 11. Development of customary law of armed conflict. PART 3. MEANS AND METHODS OF WARFARE:. 12. Grotius' Jus in bello, with special reference to ruses of war and perfidy. 13. Incendiary weapons: legal and humanitarian aspects. 14. The soldiers and golf clubs. 15. Conventional weaponry: the law from St. Petersburg to Ludcerne and beyond. 16. The conventional weapons convention: functions of underlying legal principles. 17. Prohibitions or restrictions on the use of methods and means of warfare in the Gulf, 1980-1988. 18. The protection of cultural property in the events of armed conflict within the framework of international humanitarian law. 19. Bombardment: from "Brussels 1874" to "Sarajevo 2003". PART 4. COMBATANTS, CIVILIANS, GUERRILLA FIGHTERS; TERRORISTS:. 20. The position of guerrilla figters under the law of war. 21. "Guerrilla" and "Terrorism" in internal armed conflict. 22. Guerrilla and humanitarian law: an introduction. 23. Assistance to the victims of armed conflicts and other disasters. 24. Non-combatant persons: a comment to chapter 11 of the Commander's handbook on the law of naval operations. 25. Enemy merchant vessels as legitimace military objectives. 26. "Enemy combatants" in American hands: are here limits to the President's discretion? PART 5: COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT:. 27. Implementation and enforcement of international humanitarian law. 28. Instructions for the armed forces. 29. Indivudal right to claim damages under article 3 of Hague convention IV: expert opinion, 1997. 30. Individual right to claim damages under article 3 of Hague convention IV: supplementary expert opinion, 1999. 31. The undertaking to respect and ensure respect in all circumstances: from tiny seed to ripening fruit. 32. Will international humanitarian law protect tomorrow's war victims? PART 6: REPRISALS AND FACT-FINDING:. 33. Reprisals in the CDDH. 34. Bellligerent reprisals revisited. 35. The international humanitarian fact-finding commission:its birth and early years. 36. Reprisals and the protection of civilians: two recent decisions of the Yugoslavia tribunal. 37. The international humanitarian Fact-finding Commission: a sleeping beauty? 38. The International humanitarian Fact-finding Commission established by the firts additional protocol to the Geneva conventions. PART 7: HUMANITARIAN LAW AND HUMAN RIGHTS:. 39. Protocol II, the CDDH and Colombia. 40. State sovereignty vs. international concern in some recent cases of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 41. The qualification of specific situations as international armed conflict. PART 8: HUMANITARIAN LAW AND NEUTRALITY:. 44. Neutrality. 45. Impartiality and neutrality in humanitarian law and practice. 46. International humanitarian law and violation of medical neutrality. 47. Legal aspects of "Medical neutrality". 48. Freedom of navigation and neutrality in the Gulf war, 1980-1988: the Dutch and Belgian mine-hunting activities. PART 10: SUMMING UP:. 49. The centennial of the first international peace conference:introduction. 50. Motion of thanks.

INDEX WORDS:
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* väpnad konflikt = armed conflict = aseellinen selkkaus
* internationell sedvanerätt = customary international law = kansainvälinen tapaoikeus
* terrorism = terrorism = terrorismi
* gerilla = guerrilla = sissiliike
* implementering = implementation = toteuttaminen
* krigsoffer = war victims = sotauhrit
* internationell straffrätt = international criminal justice = kansainvälinen rikosoikeus
* internationella brottmålsdomstolen = international criminal court (ICC) = kansainvälinen rikostuomioistuin
* gulfkriget = Gulf war = Persianlahden sota
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* icke-stridande = non-combatants = taisteluihin osallistumattomat
* krigets lagar = laws of war = sodan oikeussäännöt
* asyl = asylum = turvapaikka
* massförstörelsevapen = weapons of mass destruction [=WMD] = joukkotuhoaseet
* interamerikanska domstolen för de mänskliga rättigheterna = Inter-American Court of Human Rights = Inter-Amerikkalainen ihmisoikeustuomioistuin
* dödsstraff = death penalty = kuolemanrangaistus
* civilbefolkning = civilian population = siviiliväestö
* kulturell egendom = cultural property = kulttuuriomaisuus
* NGO = NGO = NGO
* krigsfångar = prisoners of war = sotavangit
* individuella klagomål = individual complaints = yksilövalitus
* jus ad bellum = jus ad bellum = jus ad bellum
* jus in bello = jus in bello = jus in bello
* kärnvapen = nuclear weapons = ydinaseet

GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Chechnya / Russian Federation / Colombia / Darfur / El Salvador / Peru / Latin America / Netherlands / Uganda / USA / Yugoslavia / Israel / Nicaragua

LOCAL GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS: Kosovo

NOTE (GENERAL): Geneva conventions; Additional protocols to the Geneva conventions; AMR; Genocide convention;

URL http://www.brill.nl/default.aspx?partid=210&pid=23890

 
90. Rieffer-Flanagan, Barbara : Is neutral humanitarian dead?, 2009
 

BIBLIOGRAPHIC LEVEL: part of a serial

Is neutral humanitarian dead? : Red Cross neutrality : walking the tightrope of neutral humanitarianism / Rieffer-Flanagan, Barbara

REFERENCE TO GENERIC UNIT (Periodica): Human rights quarterly : a comparative and international journal of the social sciences, humanities and law : vol. 31; no. 4., p. 888-915. - Baltimore, MA : John Hopkins U. P., 2009. - ISSN 0275-0392

LANGUAGE: ENG

INDEX WORDS:
* ICRC = ICRC = ICRC
* internationell humanitär rätt = international humanitarian law = kansainvälinen humanitaarinen oikeus
* neutralitet = neutrality = puolueettomuus
* biologiska vapen = biological weapons = biologiset aseet

NOTE (GENERAL): Geneva conventions;

URL http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/human_rights_quarterly/summary/v031/31.4.rieffer-flanagan.html

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24.11.1999